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What is the correct order of adjectives before a noun?
Michael Swan (Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1997) writes:
"Unfortunately, the rules for adjective order are very complicated, and different grammars disagree about the details" p. 8
He does, however, go on to list some of the most important rules:
. Adjectives of colour, origin, material and purpose usually go in that order.
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Colour |
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origin |
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material |
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purpose |
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noun |
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red |
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Spanish |
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leather |
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riding |
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boots |
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A |
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brown |
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German |
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beer |
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mug |
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A |
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Venetian |
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glass |
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flower |
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vase |
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. Other adjectives usually go before words of colour, origin, material and purpose. It is impossible to give exact rules, but adjectives of size, length and height often come first.
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The round glass table (NOT the glass round table) |
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A big, modern brick house (NOT a modern, big brick house) |
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Long, flexible steel poles |
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A tall, ancient oak-tree |
. Adjectives which express judgements or attitudes usually come before all others. Examples are lovely, definite, pure, absolute, extreme, perfect, wonderful, silly.
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A lovely, long, cool drink |
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Who's that silly fat man over there? |
. Numbers usually go before adjectives.
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Six large eggs |
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The second big shock |
First, next and last most often go before one, two, three etc.
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The first three days |
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My last two jobs." |
pp. 8-9
He does not mention age, which would normally go after adjectives of size, length and height, but before colour, origin, material and purpose.
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A big old straw hat. |
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A charming young university student. |
Thus, a complete list could be:
(article) + number + judgement/attitude + size, length, height + age + colour + origin + material + purpose + noun
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a lovely long black leather coat |
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a valuable Dutch Impressionist painting |
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a rustic old stone holiday cottage |
For more information about adjective order, see:
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adjord.htm
http://www.englishclub.net/grammar/adjectives/order2.shtml
For exercises on adjective order, see:
http://www.better-english.com/grammar/adjord.htm
http://www.better-english.com/grammar/adjord2.htm
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adjord1.htm
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adjord2.htm
http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj/quizzes/vm/adjorder.html
http://www.englishoutlook.com/focus/grammar/adjorder.html
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